COMUNICAREA ÎN LIMBA MODERNĂ, CURS DE ENGLEZA PENTRU INCEPATORI , VIII

COMUNICAREA ÎN LIMBA MODERNĂ, 

CURS DE ENGLEZA PENTRU INCEPATORI , 

PARTEA A VIII

Acuzativul cu infinitive

What do you expect me to thinkof that speech? (Ce va asteptati sa cred despre aceste cuvinte?)

I advice you not to beinsolent. (Va sfatuiesc sa nu fiti obraznic.) The spectators watched the curtain riseslowly. (Spectatorii

priveau cortina ridicandu-se /cum se ridica/ incet.)

Did you see them get offthe train? (I-ai vazut dandu-se /cum s-au dat/ jos din tren?)

Acuzativul cu infinitivul este o constructie formata dintr-un substantiv sau pronume in cazul acuzativ si un infinitiv scurt sau lung. Infinitivul are functia predicativa pe langa substantivul sau pronumele in acuzativ. Infinitivul este cerut de verbul tranzitiv dupa care se foloseste aceasta constructie. Acuzativul cu infinitivul se traduce in limba romana printr-un complement direct sau printr-o propozitie completiva directa.

Infinitivul scurt se foloseste dupa verbele care exprima: o perceptie a simturilor (to see, to feel, to hear, to notice, to observe, towatch) si dupa verbeleto make (a determina, a face sa) sito let (alasa):

I shall make him speak. (Am sa-l fac sa vorbeasca.)

Don't let her keepthe book too long. (N-o lasa sa tina cartea prea mult.)

I saw the children playin the garden. (Am vazut copiii jucandu-se in gradina.)

I shall hear him singtonight. (Il voi auzi cantand diseara.)

Infinitivul lung (cu particula to) se foloseste dupa verbele care exprima o activitate a intelectului (to think, to consider, to know, to believe,to expect,to understand etc.) ; un sentiment (to like,to dislike,to hate,to prefer etc.) ; vointa sau intentia (to want,to wish,to desire,to mean,to intend etc.) ; un ordin, o permisiune(to order, to require, to permit, to allow, to forceetc.):

She considers the text to bedifficult. (Socoteste ca textul e greu.)

I thought him to bea good expert. (Am crezut ca e un expert bin.)

I like her to readto me. (Imi place sa-mi citeasca.)

We wants this song to be recorded. (Vrem ca acest cantec sa fie inregistrat.)

Complex gerund

I object to Lord North's robbingme. (Ma opun ca lordul North sa ma jefuiasca.)

If you excuse my saying so. (Iertati-ma ca ma exprim asa.)

In exemplele de mai sus, gerunziul este precedat de un substantiv in cazul genitiv (Lord North'srobbing) si de un adjectiv posesiv (mysaying). Substantivul in cazul genitiv si adjectivul posesiv indeplinesc functia de subiect logic pe langa gerunziu.

O astfel de constructie poate avea urmatoarele functii:

1. Subiect:

Your asking so many questions annoyed him.(Faptul ca i-ai pus atatea intrebari l-a suparat.)

2. Complement direct:

Do you mind my smokinghere?

(Va deranjeaza daca /eu/ fumez aici?)

3. Atribut:

He does not like the idea of our leavingso soon.

(Nu-i convine /place/ ideea ca /noi/ sa plecam asa curand.)

4. Complement circumstantial: Passive Voice

a fila timpul cerut + forma a III a a verbului deconjugat

Present Simple :The roomis cleanedevery day.

Present Continuous : Itis being cleaned.Past Tense Simple: Itwas cleaned.

Past Tense Continuous: Itwas being cleaned.

Present Perfect: Ithas been cleaned.

Past Perfect: Ithad been cleaned.

Future : Itwill be cleaned.

Present conditional: Itwould be cleaned.

Past Conditional: Itwould have been cleaned.

Infinitive: to be cleaned

Trecerea din diateza activa in diateza pasiva:

M

give

moth

a

Þ

Moth

i

give

a

by

ary

s

er

flow

Þ

er

s

n

flow

Mar

er

er

y

S

P

CI

CD

CI

P

S

CD

NOTA: CIsauCDdin propozitia activa devine subiectulpropozitiei pasive.Complementul de agent (the doer) poate sa lipseasca atunci cand e exprimat printr-un pronume personal (I,you), pronume nehotarat (somebody, anybody) sau substantive ca: a boy, some people

NOTA: verbele cu prepozitie isi pastreaza prepozitia alaturi din indiateza pasiva.

Ex: You can rely on this man. This man can be relied on.

NOTA:

People say that he is a good...

• It is said that he is a...

• He is said to be...

People think that he was a...

• It is thought that he was a...

• He is thought to have been a...

NOTA: infinitivul prezent arata ca o actiune este simultana;infinitivul perfect arata ca atiunea este anterioara.

We must settle everything before his leavingthe town. (Trebuie sa aranjam totul inainte ca el sa plece din oras.)

			Past Perfect
	Afirmativ		S+had+V (forma a treia)
	Negativ		S+had+not+V (forma a treia)
	Interogativ-Negativ		Hadn’t+S+V (forma a treia)
	Question-Tag		They had already entered, hadn’t they?

1)Este o actiune terminata in trecut inaintea altei actiuni tot din trecut cu: since, for, how long, just, already, yet, after, before, assoon as, etc.

2)Cu: hardly/scarcely/barely(numai doar),…when

Ex:I had hardly got on the bus when it started.Hardly had I got on the bus when it started.

Cu:no sooner…then

Past Perfect Continuous

Afirmativ

Interogativ

Negativ

Interogativ-

Negativ

S+had+been+V (-ing)

had+S+been+V (-ing)

S+had+not+been+V (-ing)

had+S+not+been

Este o actiune in desfasurare in trecut, inaintea altei actiuni, tot din trecut.

Cu: since, for, how long

		Past Tense Simple
	Afirmativ		S+V(-ed)
			S+V (forma a II a)
	Interogativ		did+S+V (inf.scurt)
	Negativ		S+did+not+V (inf. scurt)
	Interogativ-		did+S+not+V (inf. scurt)
	Negativ
	Question-tag		They left yesterday, didn’t he?

1.Este o actiune terminata in trecut cu: as, when, then,yesterday, last week, last month, last year, that day, the other day, once in 1983, on Sunday, ago, etc.

2.Este o actiune obisnuita, repetata in trecut.In acest caz sefoloseste used topentru actiune incetata in prezent

Nota: este timpul naratiunii la trecut si se traduce prin perfectsimplu, perfect compus, imperfect, conditional prezent, conjunctiv perfect.

			Past Tense Continuous
	Afirmativ		S+was/were+V (-ing)
	Interogativ		was/were+S+V (-ing)
	Negativ		S+was/were+not+V
	Interogativ-		wasn’t/weren’t+S+V (-ing)
	Negativ
	Question-Tag		They were reading at this time yesterday,
			weren’t they?

1)Este o actiune in desfasurare intr-un anumit moment in trecut cu: at this time yesterday, yesterday at 5 o’clock,… when he came, etc.

2)E folosit pentru a exprima iritare, indignare

Present Perfect Simple

Afirmativ

Interogativ

Negativ

Interogativ-

Negativ

Question-tag

S+have/has+V (forma a treia )

have/has+S+V (forma a treia)

S+have/has+not+V (forma a treia)

have/has+S+not+V (forma a treia)

They haven’t arrived yet, have they?

1)Este o actiune inceputa in trecut si continuata pana in momentul vorbirii cu: since, for, how long

2)Este o actiune petrecuta intr-un moment neprecizat(se simte efectul)

Ex: I have washed my blouse (it is clean)

3)Este o actiune care tocmai a avut loc

# just, already  dupa auxiliar

yet in intrebare=deja  ma informez; in negatie=inca yet apare la sfarsitul propozitiei

#till, now, up to now, so far, until now, up to the present moment  la sfarsit sau la inceput de propozitie

#lately(in ultima vreme),recently, of late, latterly  numai la sfarsit propozitiei

#during the last week, the last few days, theese twenty minutes

4) O actiune petrecuta intr-o perioada de timp care nu s-a terminat inca: today, this week, this month, this year, this sommer, all day,all night, etc.

5)cu adverbe de frecventa: ever, never, seldom, often, sometimes,several times, etc.

6)In propozitiile circumstantiale de timp si propozitiile conditionale de tip 1- viitorul este inlocuit cu Present PerfectSimple pentru actiune prioritara anterioara

Present Perfect Continuous

Afirmativ

Interogativ

Negativ

Interogativ-

Negativ

S+have/have+been+V (-ing)

Have/has+S+been+V (-ing)

S+have/has+not+been+V (-ing)

Have/has+S+not+been

Este o actiune inceputa in trecut, este in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii si actiunea pleaca spre viitor.Cu: since, for, how long

Present Simple Tense

Afirmativ S+V (pers. a-III-a : -s,-es, -o, -ss, -ch,

			-sh)
	Interogativ		do/does+S+V (inf.scurt)
	Negativ		S+do/does+not+V (inf.scurt)
	Interogativ-		do/does+S+not+V (inf.scurt)
	Negativ (Don’t
	you?)
	Question-Tag (Nu-		She goes there every day, doesn’t
	i asa?)		she?

1.Este o actiune obisnuita, repetata, permanenta.

• very day, every week, etc.  pozitia: la sfarsit sau la inceput de propozitie

• ussualy, often, seldom, always, sometimes, generaly, never, okkasionaly, etc.  pozitia: dupa subiect

• from time to time, once a week, twice a week, etc.  pozitia: numai la sfarsitul propozitiei

2.Exprima un adevar general valabil.

3.Apare in: comentarii, retete, demonstratii, indicatii scenice, titluride articole, etc.

4.Este o modalitate de exprimare a unui program oficial

Ex:We start a new term at school tomorrow

5.In propozitii circumstantiale de timp (when, while, after, before,as soon as, till, until ) si conditional tip 1viitorul este inlocuitcu prezentul simplu pentru actiune simultana

Ex: I shall go to Bucharest if I have money.

Present Continuous Tense

	Afirmativ		S+to be(present)+V-ing
	Interogativ		to be+S+V-ing
	Negativ		S+to be+not+V-ing
	Interogativ-		to be+S+not+V-ing
	Negativ
	Question-Tag		She is reading now, isn’t she? I am
			disturbing you, aren’t I?

1.Este o actiune in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii cu: now, atthis moment, just(now), etc.

2.Arata ca o actiune este temporara

3.Este o modalitate de exprimare a viitorului ca urmare a unui program personal

Ex: I’m visiting my grandparents this week.

4.Arata ca o actiune este prea des repetata, si supara, irita vorbitorul cu often, forever, generaly, constantly, never, etc.

Ex: This child isforever crying.

Nota: verbele to growsi to getarata trecerea de la o stare la alta

Ex: It is gettingdark.My parents are growingolder and older.