COMUNICAREA ÎN LIMBA MODERNĂ, CURS DE ENGLEZA PENTRU INCEPATORI , VII

COMUNICAREA ÎN LIMBA MODERNĂ,

 CURS DE ENGLEZA PENTRU INCEPATORI

PARTEA VII

Formarea cuvintelor in limba engleza

Principalele mijloace de formare a cuvintelor in limba engleza sunt:

1) Afixatia (Affixation) - formarea de cuvinte noi prin adaugarea unor prefixe (a) sau sufixe (b):

1. undergraduate (student) ; underground (subteran) ; misprint (greseala de tipar) ; to disregard (a dispretui) ; supersonic

2. teacher ; runner ; tourist ; stewardess ; Japanese ; Canadian ;
   

development; liberation; friendship; childhood(copilarie) ; freedom; useful; peaceful; careless; friendly; daily; monthly; answerable(corespunzator, responsabil) ; defensive; to modernize; to shortenetc.

2) Conversia (Conversion) - schimbarea categoriei gramaticale, procedeu extrem de frecvent in limba engleza:

graduate = absolvent ;to graduate = a absolvicatalogue = catalog ;to catalogue = a catalogacomb = peptene ;to comb = a pieptana

word = cuvant ;to word = a exprima in cuvinte

to drive = a conduce un vehicul ;a drive = o plimbare cu unvehicul

to sob = a plange cu suspine ;a sob = un suspinto drink = a bea ;a drink = o bautura

3) Compunerea (Composition) - formarea de cuvinte compuse prin unirea a doua sau mai multe cuvinte simple. Procedeul e foarte productiv in engleza contemporana (numeroase parti de cuvant se pot combina prin compunere pentru a forma cuvinte noi):

1. substantive compuse:

market-place = piatahorse-shoe = potcoavatea-shop = ceainarie

dining-hall = sala de meseskating-rink = patinoarcommon-sense = bun simtfaint-heart = fricoshigh-brow = intelectual snob

b) adjective compuse:

man-made = facut de omhand-knitted = tricotat de manatongue-tied = amutit, mut

3. verbe compuse:

to daydream = a visa cu ochii deschisito whitewash = a varui

4. Unele cuvinte (substantive si adjective) se formeaza prin combinarea celor doua procedee: compozitie si afixatie:

substantive: left-hander= stangaci sight-seer = vizitator, turist

adjective: deep-coloured= de culoare inchisa well-dressed = bine imbracatbroad-shouldered = lat in umerilong-legged = cu picioare lungitwo-roomed = cu doua camerelion-hearted = curajos (cu inima de leu)eagle-eyed = cu ochi ageri

Vorbirea directa si indirecta

Pentru a trece propozitiile principale din vorbirea directa in vorbire indirecta se aplica urmatoarele reguli, tinandu-se seama de felul propozitiilor (enuntiative, interogative si imperative):

1) Propozitia enuntiativa:

a) Se introduce prin conjunctia that, sau direct, omitandu-se conjunctia:

She says: "I am so happy." She says (that) she is so happy.

b) Pronumele personale, posesive, reflexive si adjectivul posesiv isi modifica persoana dupa sens:

She says: "I am so happy." She says that she is so happy.

They say: "We are ready." They say that they are ready.

c) Daca predicatul propozitiei introductive este la un timp trecut, timpul verbelor in vorbirea indirecta se modifica potrivit regulilor de corespondenta a timpurilor:

- prezentul se transforma in Past Tense:

"I'mall right " he said.

He said that he wasall right.

- Present Perfectse transforma in Past Perfect:

They said: "The boy has refusedto let anyone come into the room."

They said that the boy had refusedto let anyone come into the room.

- Past Tensedevine Past Perfect:

He said: "At school in France the boys toldme....."

He said that at school in France the boys had toldhim.....

Nota: In unele cazuri, Past Tensese pastreaza:

She said: "Mother diedin 1930." She said her mother diedin 1930.

- Past Perfectnu se schimba:

He said: "I had finishedeverything by five o'clock." He said that he had finishedeverything by five o'clock.

- Future Indefinitivese transforma in Future-in-the-Past:

He said: "I shall comeand see you as soon as I can."

He said that he would comeand see me as soon as he could.

d) Propozitiile enuntiative sunt introduse prin verbe declarative sau echivalentele lor: to say, to say tosi to tell(cand se arata si persoana careia ne adresam), to think, to answer, to reply, to addetc.

2. Propozitia interogativa:

1. Se introduce prin conjunctia if sau whether (daca intrebarea are un caracter general) sau se pastreaza acelasi cuvant interogativ din vorbirea directa (daca intrebarea are un caracter special):

• intrebari generale:

"Are you sure?" the boy said.

The boy asked me if(whether) I was sure.

"Do you want me to read to you?" I asked him.

I asked him if(whether) he wanted me to read to him. - intrebari speciale:

"How do you feel, John?" I asked. I asked him howhe felt.

"Why don't you try to go to sleep?" I asked. I asked him whyhe did not try to go to sleep.

b) Nu se mai face inversiunea subiectului cu predicatul deoarece propozitia devine enuntiativa. Se renunta la folosirea auxiliarului to do:

The boy said: "Do you think I am going to die?"

The boy asked his father if he thoughthe was going to die.

I asked: "Are you all right?"

I asked him if he wasall right.

3. Persoana se schimba dupa sens:

"Where have youbeen?" he asked. He asked where Ihad been.

I asked her: "Are youreally ill?" He asked her if shewas really ill.

3. Se respecta regulile corespondentei timpurilor cand propozitia introductiva e la un timp trecut:

He asked: "What areyou afraid of?"

He asked me what I wasafraid of.

He asked: "Didyou returnmy bicycle?"

He asked me if I had returnedhis bicycle.

5. Propozitiile interogative sunt introduse prin verbele: to ask, to inquire (a intreba), to wonder (a se intreba) etc.

3. Propozitia imperativa:

1. Modul imperativ se transforma in infinitiv:

"You go upto bed!" I said. I told him to go upto bed.

"Don't come in!" he said. He told me not to come in.

2. Propozitiile imperative sunt introduse prin verbe care exprima un ordin, o rugamainte, o cerere: to order, to tell, to ask, to command, to beg, to request, to advise, to suggest, to allow etc.

Constructia for ... to (The for - Phrase)

It would be natural for him to go to sleep. (Ar fi normal /natural/ ca sa adoarma.)

Constructia for him to goeste formata din prepozitia for, un pronume sau un substantiv in cazul acuzativ, si un infinitiv lung. In limba engleza, astfel de constructii sunt destul de frecvente, ele avand diferite functii in propozitie. In exemplul de mai sus, constructia for him to go to sleepare functia de subiect, introdus cu ajutorul pronumelui it. Constructia for ... toapare frecvent in aceasta functie dupa expresiile: it is natural,it is possible, it isnecessary,it is hard,it is easy,it is strange etc.:

It is hard for him to doit. (Ii este greu sa faca aceasta.) It is possible for them to startearlier. (E posibil ca ei sa

porneasca mai devreme.)

It isn't necessary for you to makearrangements beforehand. (Nu e necesar ca sa aranjezi /totul/ dinainte.)

Nota: Aceeasi constructie apare si cu alte functii sintactice:

The only thing for him to dowas to leave at once. (atribut) (Singurul lucru pe care putea sa-l faca era sa plece imediat.)

This passage is for you to translate. (nume predicativ) (Acest fragment iti revine tie de tradus.)

We made room for him to pass. (complement circumstantial de scop) (I-am facut loc sa treaca.)