COMUNICAREA ÎN LIMBA MODERNĂ, CURS DE ENGLEZA PENTRU INCEPATORI , II

COMUNICAREA ÎN LIMBA MODERNĂ,

 CURS DE ENGLEZA PENTRU INCEPATORI

PARTEA II

Verbul TO HAVE

Indicativul pezent

	Forma		Forma		Forma		Forma
							interogativ-
	afirmativa		interogativa		negativa
							negativa
	I have=(eu)		have I? = am		I have not =		have I not? = nu
	am		(eu)?		(eu) nu am		am (eu)?
	you have=(tu)		have you? = ai		you have not =		have you not? = nu
	ai		(tu)?		(tu) nu ai		ai (tu)?
	he,she,it has =		has he,she,it? =		he,she,it has		has he,she,it not? =
					not = (el,ea) nu
	(el,ea) are		are (el,ea)?		are		nu are (el,ea)?
	we have =		have we? =		we have not =		have we not? = nu
	(noi) avem		avem (noi)?		(noi) nu avem		avem (noi)?
	you have =		have you? =		you have not =		have you not? = nu
	(voi) aveti		aveti (voi)?		(voi) nu aveti		aveti (voi)?

	they have =		have they? = au		they have not =		have they not? =
	(ei,ele) au		(ei,ele)?		(ei,ele) nu au		nu au (ei,ele)?

Formele contrase, la afirmativ, negativ si interogativ-negativ sunt:

	The		The Negative (2 forme		The Interrogative-
	Affirmative		posibile)		Negative
	I've		I've not / I haven't		haven't I?
	you've		you've not / you haven't		haven't you?
	he's, she's, it's		he's, she's, it's not / he, she,		hasn't he, she, it?
			it hasn't
	we've		we've not / we haven't		haven't we?
	you've		you've not / you haven't		haven't you?
	they've		they've not / they haven't		haven't they?

Nota: Expresiile have gotsi has gotse folosesc in limba vorbita cu acelasi sens ca si havesi has:

She has gotmuch work to do (she has much work to do).

We have gotmany lessons today (we have many lessons today). What haveyou gotin this bag? (what have you in this bag?)

Adjectivele nehotarate SOME, ANY, NO

1) Somese foloseste in propozitii afirmative:

My friend has somebooks of geography. They have somenew curtains at the window.

2. Any se foloseste:

1. in propozitii interogative:

Has your friend anybooks of English history? Have you got anyred pencils?

b) in propozitii negative:

We haven't anylessons now. There isn't anymap on the wall.

Nota: Anyfolosit in propozitii afirmative are sensul de orice,oricare,orice fel de,indiferent ce,indiferent care:

Read anyof these books. (Cititi oricare din aceste carti.) Ask anystudent here. (Intrebati pe oricare student de aici.)

3) Nose foloseste pentru exprimarea negatiei, atunci cand verbul propozitiei este la afirmativ:

We have nolessons now. There is nomap on the wall.

Nota: Adjectivul nehotarat nonu trebuie confundat cu cuvantul de negatie no, asezat inaintea unei propozitii si despartit de aceasta din urma printr-o virgula:

No, we haveno lesson now.

Are you busy now? No, I am not.

Some sianypot fi folosite si ca pronume nehotarate

There are no mistakes in this exercise, there are somein the translations.

I have noquestions to ask. Have you any?

Observatia1: Pronumele nedefinit corespunzator lui noeste none= nici unul,nici una:

We have some English books, they have none.

Observatia2: Somepoate fi folosit in propozitii interogative, cand are sensul de ceva, cativa, parte din, un oarecare numar.

Comparati:

Have you somemoney? (Ai ceva, niste bani?) Have you anymoney? (Ai vreun ban?)

May I see someof your exercises? (Pot vedea cateva din exercitiile tale?)

Have you anyexercise in this copy-book? (Ai vreun exercitiu in acest caiet?)

Adjectivele nehotarate LITTLE, A LITTLE ; FEW, A FEW

Little (putin) sia little (putin, ceva) ca adjective precedasubstantivele desemnand nume de materie sau abstractiuni (substantive folosite numai la singular):

They know littleEnglish. (Ei stiu putinaengleza.)

We are not so busy now, we have a littletime for English. (Nu suntem asa de ocupati acum, avem putin (ceva)timp pentru engleza.)

Deosebirea intre ele este ca:

1. little se traduce prin putin, indicand o cantitate insuficienta;

2. a little se traduce prin ceva, putin, indicand o cantitate mica dar totusi suficienta.

He has littlespare time for his friends. (Are putin (aproapedeloc) timp liber pentru prietenii sai.)

He has a littlespare time Tuesday. (Are (ceva) putintimp liber marti.)

Nota: Atat littlecat si a littlepot fi intrebuintate si ca adverbe:

He speaks little. (Vorbeste putin, aproape deloc.)

He speaks English a little. (Vorbeste putin englezeste.)

Few sia few sunt adjective determinative sau pronume si precedasubstantivele folosite la plural:

Few students are absent.(adjectiv) (Putini studenti sunt absenti.)

A few students are in the teachers' study.(adjectiv) (Cativastudenti sunt in cabinetul de lucru al profesorilor.)

Have you many books? Yes, I have a few. (pronume)(Ai multe carti? Da, am cateva.)

Indicativul prezent al verbelor principale

Acesta se formeaza din infinitivul scurt (fara to) la care se adauga terminatia -s(sau -es) numai la persoana a III-a singular:

The day begins; Then comesnoon ; My watch goestoo slowly ; It loses; It gains; It stops

Conjugarea verbului to beginla Prezent (Present Indefinite Tense):

I begin = (eu) incep ; you begin = (tu) incepi ; he, she, it begins = (el,ea) incepe ; we begin = (noi) incepem ; you begin = (voi) incepeti ; they begin = (ei) incep

1. Pronuntarea desinentei -s:

1. Desinenta -s se pronunta surd [s] dupa sunetele consonantice surde: [p], [t], [k], [f] si [θ] (in scris th):

to want - he, she, it wants ; to ask - he, she ask ; to look - he, she, it looks ; to stop - he, she, it stops

b) Desinenta -sse pronunta sonor [z] dupa sunetele vocalice si dupa sunetele consonantice sonore: [b], [d], [g], [ð] (in scris th), [m], [n], [l]:

to gain - he, she, it gains ; to see -he, she, it sees ; to give - he, she, it gives

c) Desinenta -s(-es) se pronunta ca o silaba separata [iz] dupa sunetele consonantice, in scris: -ss, -ce, -x, -ze, -ch, -sh, -ge:

to lose - he, she, it loses ; to teach - he, she teaches ; to dress - he, she dresses

2. Ortografia desinentei -s:

1. Verbele terminate la infinitiv in consoana sibilanta (in -s, -ss, ch, -sh, -x) primesc la persoana a III-a singular desinenta -es.

2. Exista numai doua verbe terminate in -o la infinitiv, care primesc desinenta -es:

to go - he, she, it goes = a merge; to do - he, she, it does = a

face

c) Verbele terminate in litera -yformeaza persoana a III-a singular in felul urmator:

- yprecedat de o consoana se transforma la persoana a III-a singular in i, la care se adauga desinenta -es:

to try - he, she it tries

- yprecedat de o vocala ramane neschimbat; el este urmat de desinenta -s:

to play - he, she, it plays ; to say - he, she, it says

Numeralele ordinale si numeralele

a)Numeralele ordinale:

	(1) the first		(8) the eighth		(15) the fifteenth		(22) the twenty-
							second

	(2) the		(9) the ninth		(16) the sixteenth		(23) the twenty-
	second						third
	(3) the third		(10) the tenth		(17) the		(30) the thirtieth
					seventeenth
	(4) the		(11) the		(18) the		(40) the fourtieth
	fourth		eleventh		eighteenth
	(5) the fifth		(12) the twelfth		(19) the		(50) the fiftieth
					nineteenth
	(6) the sixth		(13) the		(20) the twentieth		(60) the sixtieth
			thirteenth
	(7) the		(14) the		(21) the twenty-		(70) the seventieth
	seventh		fourteenth		first

Numeralele ordinale, cu exceptia primelor trei, se formeaza din numeralele cardinale corespunzatoare, prin adaugarea sufixului

-th.

Nota: Grupul de litere vedin five(5) si twelve(12) devine fin numeralele ordinale corespunzatoare: the fifth(al cincilea), thetwelfth (al doisprezecelea).

Eight primeste doar unh:the eight(al optulea).Vocala edin ninecade: the ninth(al noualea).

Vocala yde la sfarsitul zecilor se inlocuieste cu ie: thetwentieth (al douazecelea).

b) Numeralele fractionare: fractii simple (Common Fractions)

1/8 (a) one eighth ; 2/7 two sevenths ; 1/3 (a) one third ; 3/5 three fifths ; 1/4 a (one) quarter (fourth) ; 1 1/2 one and a half

Nota: Datele se exprima cu ajutorul numeralelor ordinale (citite astfel chiar daca cifra respectiva este, formal, un numeral cardinal):

(On) the 1^stof December ((on) the first of December) December 1^st(December the first)

March 16^th(March the sixteenth)

June 23^rd(June the twenty-third ; the twenty-third of June)

Pluralul substantivelor terminate la singular in -F, -FE

Se formeaza prin schimbarea consoanei fin vsi adaugarea desinentei -es(la substantivele terminate in -f) si a desinentei -s(la substantivele terminate in -fe):

The leafis green. (Frunza e verde.) ; The leaveschange their colour. (Frunzele isi schimba culoarea.)

His wifeis a teacher. (Sotia sa e profesoara.) ; Their wiveswork in a hospital. (Sotiile lor lucreaza intr-un spital.)

Exceptii: roof(=acoperis) - roofs; cliff(=stanca) - cliffs; handkerchief ((=batista) -handkerchiefs

hoof (= copita) -hoofs,hooves ;wharf (=chei, debarcader) -wharfs,wharves

Pronumele si adjectivele interogative WHAT si WHICH

What (ce) siwhich (care dintre, care anume) pot fi pronume sauadjective interogative. In primul caz ele sunt folosite singure, in al doilea, ele preceda un substantiv:

What book is this? (adjectiv) (Ce carte este aceasta?)What is this? (pronume) (Ce este aceasta?)

Spre deosebire de what, whichare intotdeauna un sens selectiv:

In whichseason is it cold? (In care anotimp este frig?) Which of the students is John? (Care din studenti este John?)

Un al treilea pronume interogativ este who= cine. Acesta nu poate fi folosit ca adjectiv interogativ:

Who is this boy? (Cine este acest baiat?)

Who is your teacher? (Cine este profesorul vostru?)

Folosirea catorva prepozitii in limba engleza

at

to

on

upon

= la (static) arata locul

• la (arata directia si se foloseste dupa verbe de miscare)

• pe

• in ziua de (folosit pentru a arata data, ziua)

• la

= pe (implicand si miscare)

I am at the faculty.

I go to the blackboard. Exceptie: I go home.

The book is on the desk.

There are no classes on Sunday.

He returns on the 2^nd of June.

They live on a farm. I am working on a report.

Put these books upon the others.

				They are in the
				garden.
		= în (in cateva cazuri corespunde cu		There is a plane in
				the sky.
		pe din limba romana)		There are boys and
				girls in the street.
in				The farmers are in
				the fields.
		in se foloseste deasemenea cu		In summer we go on
				holidays.
		substantive care exprima anul, luna,		It often rains in
		anotimpul sau partile zilei (cu sens		October.
		adverbial)		I go to my lectures in
				the morning.

into		= în (implica directia si
		patrunderea)

between =între(doua persoane sau lucruri)

among		= printre (mai multe persoane sau
		obiecte)

of = folosit in special pentru genitiv

from

= din, de la (aratand provenienta)

Come intothe garden.

Go intothe study.

At the table I sit between Mother andFather.

The bookcase is between the windowand the door.

The teacher is amonghis students.

You are happy among your friends.

The pages ofthis book.

The cildren ofmy brother.

He comes from